2025 Refrigerant Rules, Plain and Simple
Beginning Jan 1, 2025, manufacturers can’t make or import new comfort-cooling systems that use refrigerants with GWP over 700 (that’s R-410A). New installs using high-GWP parts already in stock are only allowed for a limited time under EPA transition provisions. Bottom line: any new central AC/heat pump you buy should be R-32 or R-454B both are “A2L” (mildly flammable) and future-compliant. Your existing R-410A unit can still be serviced, but parts and refrigerant will get pricier over time. (EPA)
Helpful picks: R-32 AC & coils
A2L Refrigerants: Safety, Tools, and What Changes On-Site
A2Ls aren’t a “hazard in a box,” but they do require tighter install practices: proper ventilation clearances, approved recovery machines, leak detection where required, and listed electrical components. Techs will follow updated codes and manufacturer instructions, and you’ll see A2L-rated gauges, vacuum pumps, and recovery cylinders on the truck. For homeowners, the key is hiring an installer trained on A2L handling—ask about their A2L coursework and certifications. R-32’s GWP is about 675 and R-454B about 466, which is how they meet the new limits.
Need a matched system? See air handlers.
“Is My R-410A System Now Illegal?”
If your current unit uses R-410A, you can keep running it and service it. What’s changing is the economics: as supplies tighten, you’ll see higher refrigerant and parts costs, and fewer new 410A coils/condensers. If your system is 10+ years old or needs a major component (compressor, coil), it often pencils out to be replaced with an A2L system rather than sinking money into an out-of-date refrigerant. Ask your tech to price both: repair now vs replace with R-32/R-454B and compare total cost over five years with available incentives. (EPA)
Compare options: R-32 packaged systems
Smarter Efficiency: Controls That Actually Save Money
Regulators keep ratcheting down energy use, and utilities reward smarter operation. The real-world move is pairing high-efficiency equipment with smart controls—learning thermostats, outdoor temperature lockouts for dual-fuel, and fault detection that flags low charge or airflow problems before they wreck your bill. In practice, good controls and proper commissioning can cut HVAC energy use dramatically (think double-digit percentages), especially on heat pumps. Ask for airflow verification, refrigerant weight-in, and a thermostat schedule that fits your home. (That’s pro talk for lower bills without sacrificing comfort.)
Helpful resources: Design Center
Gas vs. Electric Operating Cost: What Really Decides
Heat pumps can run at ~300% efficiency (COP ≈ 3) under many conditions; top gas furnaces peak near 98% AFUE. But your utility rates (¢/kWh vs $/therm) and winter temps decide the winner on your bill. Industry data shows natural gas still pencils out cheaper in many states, while heat pumps shine where electricity is inexpensive or you’re replacing propane or oil. The best path for mixed climates is often a cold-climate heat pump with smart dual-fuel or resistance backup, tuned with outdoor lockouts. Have your contractor run an hour-by-hour cost comparison using your local rates.
Gas Bans, “All-Electric” Codes, and State Preemption
Policy is a patchwork. New York State just finalized rules to make most new buildings all-electric starting Dec 31, 2025 (smaller buildings first; larger by 2029). NYC already requires new buildings to be effectively all-electric under Local Law 154. At the same time, two dozen-plus states have passed “fuel choice” or preemption laws blocking cities from banning gas, so your local rules may differ a lot. Always check your city and state before designing a system especially for new construction.
Planning a project? Contact us for help aligning equipment with codes.
Building Performance Standards (BPS): Big-Building Owners, Read This
Cities are moving from “best practices” to enforceable carbon caps. NYC Local Law 97 is the headline example: if your covered building exceeds its annual emissions limit, the penalty is $268 per metric ton of CO₂e over the cap. First compliance began in 2024, with caps tightening over time. That’s pushing owners toward heat pumps, VRF, and electrified domestic hot water, plus envelope upgrades. If you manage >25,000 sq ft properties, get an energy study now and map your retrofit sequence to stay ahead of fines. (NYC)
See options: Commercial package heat pumps
Tax Credits and Rebates You Can Use Right Now
The Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit (25C) runs through 2032: up to $2,000 each year for qualifying heat pumps plus other credits, capped at $3,200/yr. Many states are also rolling out Home Electrification and Appliance Rebates (HEAR) with up to $8,000 toward a heat pump for income-eligible households (details vary by state). Stack those with utility rebates where available. Keep receipts, model numbers, and AHRI certificates your tax pro will thank you.
Start here: HVAC financing
Electrical Readiness: Panels, Circuits, and Work-Arounds
Most heat pumps need 240V with breakers in the 20–50A range. Homes with <100A service almost always need an upgrade; even at 100–150A you’ll want a load calc to see if managed devices (smart panels, load-shedding) can avoid a costly service change. In many cases, upgrading to a 200A main makes future electrification (EV, induction range) painless, and there may be credits or rebates for panel work. Have your HVAC contractor and electrician coordinate the one-line diagram and utility requirements before equipment shows up.
Need equipment matched to your electrical: Package units
Picking Equipment That Fits the Future
For single-family homes, ductless and ducted heat pumps cover most needs; small spaces can use through-the-wall or PTAC heat pumps. Larger buildings typically look at VRF or packaged rooftop heat pumps. If you’re in a very cold climate with cheap gas, a dual-fuel setup—heat pump for most hours, furnace for deep cold—can balance bills with compliance. Choose R-32 or R-454B models to align with 2025 rules and make sure the air handler/coil is matched for A2L.
Browse: R-32 through-the-wall units
Your 2025–2030 Playbook (Homeowners & Small Businesses)
This year (2025–2026): If your equipment is aging, plan to replace with A2L-compliant gear. Get an electrical assessment and lock in rebates/credits.
2027–2030: Expect more carbon limits on larger buildings and tighter efficiency measures budget for phased electrification (space heat first, then water heating).
2030 and beyond: Codes and incentives will keep evolving, but the direction is set: lower-carbon, electric-ready buildings with smart controls. Staying ahead through right-sizing, proper ductwork, and commissioning beats scrambling before a failure every time.
Frequently Asked Questions
Will A2L refrigerants make my system dangerous?
Used correctly, no. A2Ls are mildly flammable, so installers follow added ventilation, leak detection, and electrical requirements. Properly installed, they’re safe and code-compliant.
Can I still buy parts for my R-410A system?
Yes. You can repair and service existing systems. New equipment is shifting to R-32/R-454B, and 410A supplies should tighten over time, which can raise service costs. (EPA)
Are gas furnaces being banned?
Not nationally. Some jurisdictions (like NY State and NYC) require all-electricity in new buildings on a schedule, while many states preempt cities from banning gas. Check local rules.
Which costs less to run gas heat or a heat pump?
It depends on your rates and weather. Gas is still cheaper in many states; heat pumps often win against propane or oil and where electricity is inexpensive. A load-based cost comparison is the honest way to decide.
What incentives can I claim in 2025?
The 25C federal credit (up to $3,200/yr, including $2,000 for heat pumps) runs through 2032. Many states are launching HEAR rebates with up to $8,000 for heat pumps, subject to income limits and state rollout.
Will I need an electrical panel upgrade?
Often. Many homes do fine with 200A service; homes under 100A almost always need upgrades for space-heating heat pumps. A quick load calculation will tell you for sure. (NYSERDA)
What’s the safest “bridge” if I’m not ready to go all-electric?
Consider a dual-fuel setup: a heat pump handles most hours; a high-efficiency gas furnace kicks in only on the coldest days. Use outdoor lockouts to control when each runs.
Where can I learn more or size my system?
Try our Sizing Guide, browse A2L-ready options like R-32 heat pumps, or get a fast Quote by Photo.
